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寒冷的環(huán)境有利于棕色脂肪的形成
棕色脂肪(又稱棕色脂肪組織)是一種能夠燃燒能量產(chǎn)生熱量的特殊脂肪。棕色脂肪能為小動(dòng)物、嬰兒保暖，而棕色脂肪供應(yīng)充足的動(dòng)物，能免受糖尿病、肥胖的困擾。不過這類特殊脂肪組織與新陳代謝的關(guān)系卻一直并不明確。
悉尼加爾文醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(Garvan Institute of Medical Research)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家保羅·李(Paul Lee)的“在較冷環(huán)境下長期暴露對(duì)人類影響”實(shí)驗(yàn)(以下簡稱為ICEMAN)”，展示了棕色脂肪的可塑性。而李此前的研究顯示，體內(nèi)棕色脂肪充裕的人，往往更為瘦削，血糖水平也較低;此外，普通的人類白色脂肪細(xì)胞，能夠轉(zhuǎn)化為棕色脂肪細(xì)胞。
ICEMAN的5位健康男性志愿者，需要在四個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，每日至少10小時(shí)暴露在的溫度之內(nèi)——他們每天白天過著正常生活，而晚上則回到溫控臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)中心。
四個(gè)月中，*個(gè)月實(shí)驗(yàn)室溫度保持在24攝氏度，身體并不需要費(fèi)力產(chǎn)生或消耗熱量。第二個(gè)月，溫度降到19攝氏度，第三個(gè)月回到了24度，第四個(gè)月又上升到了27度。每月臨近結(jié)束的時(shí)候，志愿者需要進(jìn)行詳盡的“熱代謝評(píng)估”。首月月末的測(cè)量結(jié)果，被定位“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)線”。
此外，實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中還采用PET/CT進(jìn)行掃描，測(cè)量棕色脂肪、肌肉、脂肪檢測(cè)代謝變化。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示，棕色脂肪在冷的月份增加，在溫暖的月份則會(huì)下滑。
棕色脂肪量增加能夠影響代謝，其中一大好處就是提升胰島素的敏感性——這意味著，體內(nèi)棕色脂肪較多的人，餐后降低血糖水平只需要較少的胰島素。
“在這項(xiàng)研究以前，是否能夠?qū)嶋H控制人體棕色脂肪生長還是未知數(shù)。我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，寒冷月份會(huì)讓棕色脂肪增加30%至40%。而在第二個(gè)溫度為24攝氏度的實(shí)驗(yàn)月份，棕色脂肪水平回落到基線水平。第四月——溫度高達(dá)27度，棕色脂肪的量回落到基準(zhǔn)線以下。”

The cold environment is conducive to the formation of brown fat
Brown fat (also known as brown adipose tissue) is a special fat that burns energy to produce heat. Brown fat for small animals, babies warm, and adequate supply of brown fat animal, can be free from diabetes, obesity problems. However, the relationship between this particular type of adipose tissue and metabolism has not been clear.
Recent research by Paul Lee, an endocrinologist at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, "long-term exposure to human effects in colder climates" (hereafter referred to as "ICEMAN") showed that brown fat Plasticity, while previous studies by Lee showed that people with ample brown fat in the body tend to be more obese and have lower blood sugar levels; in addition, ordinary human white adipocytes can be transformed into brown fat cells.
ICEMAN's five healthy male volunteers need to be exposed to the specified temperature for at least 10 hours a day over a four-month period - they live normal daily during the day and return to a temperature controlled clinical trial center in the evening .
In the first month in four months, the laboratory temperature is kept at 24 degrees Celsius, and the body does not need to be laborious to produce or consume calories. The second month, the temperature dropped to 19 degrees Celsius, the third month back to 24 degrees, the fourth month rose to 27 degrees. Towards the end of each month, volunteers need a detailed "thermometric assessment." The measurement result of the first month and the end of the month is positioned as "standard line".
In addition, PET / CT was also used during the experiment to measure the metabolic changes of brown fat, muscle and fat. Experimental results show that brown fat increases in cold months and falls in warm months.
One of the major benefits of increased brown fat mass is its increased sensitivity to insulin - meaning that people who have more brown fat in their body need less insulin to lower their blood glucose levels after a meal.
"Before this study, it was unknown whether there was any real control over the growth of brown fat in our body, and our study found that the cold months increased brown fat by 30% to 40%, while in the second month at 24 degrees Celsius, the brown Fat levels dropped back to baseline in April - the temperature was as high as 27 degrees and the amount of brown fat dropped below baseline. "